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Saravanan, K., Tyagi, B., Shukla, R.S., and Bajaj, H.C., 2016, Solvent free synthesis of methyl palmitate over sulfated zirconia solid acid catalyst, Fuel, 165, 298–305. Jiang, K., Tong, D., Tang, J., Song, R., and Hu, C., 2010, The Co-promotion effect of Mo and Nd on the activity and stability of sulfated zirconia-based solid acids in esterification, Appl. Hauli, L., Wijaya, K., and Syoufian, A., 2019, Hydrocracking of LDPE plastic waste into liquid fuel over sulfated zirconia from a commercial zirconia nanopowder, Orient. Wang, P., Zhang, J., Wang, G., Li, C., and Yang, C., 2016, Nature of active sites and deactivation mechanism for n-butane isomerization over alumina-promoted sulfated zirconia, J. Patel, A., Brahmkhatri, V., and Singh, N., 2013, Biodiesel production by esterification of free fatty acid over sulfated zirconia, Renewable Energy, 51, 227–233. Said, A.E.A., El-Wahab, M.M.A., and El-Aal, M.A., 2014, Chemical the catalytic performance of sulfated zirconia in the dehydration of methanol to dimethyl ether, J. Heshmatpour, F., and Aghakhanpour, R.B., 2012, Synthesis and characterization of superfine pure tetragonal nanocrystalline sulfated zirconia powder by a non-alkoxide sol–gel route, Adv. Yu, S., Jiang, P., Dong, Y., Zhang, P., Zhang, Y., and Zhang, W., 2012, Hydrothermal synthesis of nanosized sulfated zirconia as an efficient and reusable catalyst for esterification of acetic acid with n-butanol, Bull. Suseno, A., Wijaya, K., Trisunaryanti, W., and Shidiq, M., 2015, Synthesis and characterization of ZrO 2-pillared bentonites, Asian J. Hasanudin, Said, M., Faizal, M., Dahlan, M.H., and Wijaya, K., 2012, Hydrocracking of oil residue from palm oil mill effluent to biofuel, Sustainable Environ. Zhao, J., Yue, Y., Hua, W., He, H., and Gao, Z., 2007, Catalytic activities and properties of sulfated zirconia supported on mesostructured γ-Al 2O 3, Appl. Fatimah, I., Wijaya, K., and Setyawan, K.H., 2008, Synthesis ZrO 2-montmorillonite and application as catalyst in catalytic cracking of heavy fraction of crude oil, Bull. Burange, A.S., Gawande, M.B., Lam, F.L.Y., Jayaram, R.V., and Luque, R., 2015, Heterogeneously catalyzed strategies for the deconstruction of high density polyethylene: Plastic waste valorisation to fuels, Green Chem., 17 (1), 146–156. Sarker, M., Rashid, M.M., Rahman, M.S., and Molla, M., 2012, Environmentally harmful low density waste plastic conversion into kerosene grade fuel, J. Sriningsih, W., Saerodji, M.G., Trisunaryanti, W., Armunanto, R., and Falah, I.I., 2014, Fuel production from LDPE plastic waste over natural zeolite supported Ni, Ni-Mo, Co and Co-Mo metals, Procedia Environ. Hydrocracking of plastic waste over the used Cr/SZ catalyst with 1.0 wt.% Cr showed that the Cr/SZ catalyst was stable and reusable up to three repetitions. The highest selectivity to liquid product and gasoline fraction were 40.99 and 93.42 wt.%, respectively, and were obtained over Cr/SZ with 1.0 wt.% Cr.
The effective temperature for hydrocracking was 250 ☌. The results showed that the morphology of the prepared catalysts had different sizes and disordered shapes after the addition of sulfate and Cr. Liquid products obtained by hydrocracking were characterized by GCMS. In addition, the optimum catalyst was repeatedly used for the reaction to demonstrate the stability of the catalyst. Hydrocracking of LDPE-based plastic waste was conducted at various temperatures and various catalysts. The prepared catalysts were characterized by SEM-Mapping and TEM. SZ was further modified with chromium (0.5, 1.0, and 1.5% wt.%) by refluxing in aqueous solution of Cr(NO 3) 3♹H 2O, followed by calcination and reduction processes. SZ was prepared by wet impregnation method using zirconia nanopowder (ZrO 2) and H 2SO 4 solution. The preparation, characterization, and catalytic activity test of sulfated zirconia (SZ) modified with chromium for the hydrocracking of LDPE-based plastic waste have been investigated.
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